How The Criminal Justice Profession Helps On An Individual...

Throughout this whole term we have learned numerous roles of the criminal justice profession. How on a macro level law enforcement has made points to serve and protect, all the way down to the micro level of society. Men and women risk their lives every day to make sure that the law is obeyed, and their community is still held together. In the following paper you will see how the criminal justice profession helps on an individual and societal level. But what does each level mean you may ask, well let’s break it down a little. Individual need is person to person with the law, where societal is in the community of the law enforcement. The first individual need are assaults in and around bars. The proliferation of bars in many communities†¦show more content†¦These people not knowingly could create conflict with each other. So how can this issue be fixed, there are a few ways that the criminal justice professional can do. For starters some cities have where the bouncers in bars have had some sort of law enforcement background, that way they will be able to handle any issue that may arise in a better manner than the big macho black shirt bouncer who is just for show. Also another way they can help is during closing time in the congested areas have more officers patrol the area. That way much of the conflict can be subsided. Our second individual need is how the criminal justice professional can stop people from shoplifting. How is shoplifting an individual need you may say, well for instance it someone in your community stole something from your local Walmart it would not affect the community, only affect the person who has committed the crime. How would someone spot a shoplifter, Shoplift Prevention - Los Angeles Police Department, 2016, says that these are some things to look for: seems nervous, avoids eye contact, wanders around the store without buying anything, leaves the store and returns to your business repeatedly in a short period of time, stays in an area of your business where he or she is hard to see, and keeps watching you or is constantly looking

Outline and evaluate neural and hormona Essays - 1221 Words

Outline and evaluate neural and hormonal mechanisms in aggression. There are two main biological explanations to aggression, neural and hormonal. The neural explanation is the serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitters and how they affect our aggression; the hormonal mechanisms are the testosterone and cortisol chemicals. Testosterone is a hormone that is more concentrated in men than in women as it is a male sex hormone, it is thought to influence aggression from a young age onwards, due to its actions on the brain areas involved in controlling aggression. One research study that was done on testosterone involved measuring the testosterone found in the saliva of violent and non-violent criminals. This study was concluded by Dabbs et al†¦show more content†¦He demonstrates that in monogamous species male testosterone levels should only rise above the baseline breading level in response to social challenges, such as male-male aggression or threats to status. Since we are a monogamous species we can predict that male testosterone levels would rise sharply in response to such challenges. Therefore if a testosterone surge is expected to be found when males are challenge then we can expect a consequent increase in aggression, provided the threat is deemed relevant to reproductive competition (a di spute over women). Since this study is based on all monogamous species as a whole, one could question whether or not it can be extrapolated to the human race, as we would be comparing ourselves to animals like monkeys, when we know that we are more superior to them. However it does show that monogamous males are more likely to act aggressively when facing a threat to their reproduction, this aggression seems to be coming from the increase of testosterone which happens because of the confrontation. Another problem with this hypothesis is that in modern day some men aren’t always monogamous, especially younger men, so if this theory were true single men would have no reason to become aggressive, which Lindman proves wrong with his study, therefore the theory is outdated and no longer applies to most men. Another hormonal mechanism that is seen to have a link to aggression is cortisol as it appears to have a

The Influence of Green Groups on the Policy of the Essay Example For Students

The Influence of Green Groups on the Policy of the Essay United StatesThe Influence of Green Groups on the Policy of the United StatesAbstract: This research examines the relationship between environmental groupsand the policies of the United States. The United States political system hasbeen historically anthropocen-tric, or human centered. Environmental groupshave been attempting to change this to a biocentric or ecocentric viewpoint,which includes the rights of animals and the environment. These views arenature centered instead of human centered. This study will answer the questionof whether these groups have been effective at altering United States policies. This will be done through the study of views offered by both sides. Also, asurvey will be used to determine whether congressmen views are consistent withenvironmentalist views. It will also present whether policy change has takenplace, and if these changes have remained intact through the study of pastcongressional decisions. Research Problem1. Research QuestionHave environmental groups strategies been successful at altering the policiesof the United States?2. Rational for the ResearchThis research will help environmental groups to identify the effectiveness oftheir strategies. This is necessary for these groups to effectively alter thepolicies of the United States, which is one of the largest polluters in theworld. If their strategies are ineffective then it will be necessary for them toreassess their methods. Without the use productive methods these groups willnot be able to protect the environment. Animals, plants and the entireecosystem must have the same protection as humans have. An ecocentric viewpointestablishes the right of the environment to have legal standing. This givespeople the ability to defend the right of an animal to exist with the samerights as humans.Without this protection, people will be just as negativelyaffected as the environment. The earth must be thought of as a living organism ,if one part is hurt then the whole planet will feel the effects. Unfortunately,business and governments take the stance that the earth is more like a machine. That is, at times if a part is hurt it can be repaired, without it effecting thewhole system. Literature ReviewThe literature on environmental groups and their influence and activities isvast. Several themes concerning the groups influence in changing UnitedStates policy exist. The American Psychological Association has done studies onecocentric and anthropocentric attitudes (Thomas, 1994). Ecocentric values havearisen recently as environmental problems have come to the publics attention. Anthropocentric values have existed much longer. They have becomeinstitutionalized into our political and economic system. The movement toward environmental awareness arose in the political activism inthe 60s. Although these values have recently been declining according toFinger (1993). These biocentric and anthropocentric views are also examined byWildes (1995). Wildes also explains the beginning of the movement in the 60s,and the number of similar theories developed during the same era. In his studyhe applies neo-marxism to the relationship towards Man and Nature. By doingthis he shows how the government and industry uses the environment for its ownuse, often neglecting the resulting effects. Dodson (1995) examines if either of these opposing viewpoints offer plausibleanswers to current problems. Dodson also explains how the groups interact. Through this interaction they form political policy. Hampicke (1994) address thevulnerability of the species and ecosystems to permanent destruction. Alsoshown is how conserva-tion costs are not excessive as some in our governmentbelieve. Lichterman (1995) shows that green groups not only have problemsrelating towards our government, but also multicultural obstacles. Thesegroups must bring together several interests in order to form a unified strategyto present to the United States government. Environmental lobbyists have so far been unsuccessful in their efforts to amendexisting environmental laws. Chemical manufactur-ing and other industryslobbies have been able to block their efforts. They have used promising ofcampaign funding to influence Congress to support industries (Dowie, 1995). News in the Bay Area EssayThe lobbying efforts of green groups will also be studied by examining theirpolitical activities, which include lobbying and other forms of politicalpressure. If there is a change in the congressmens environmental positionsover a period of time this will need to be examined closely. The politicalpressure from environmental groups at the time of change will also need to beexamined. If there has been consistent change in congressmens views and pressure fromenvironmental groups at that time, then this will be considered as a positiveinfluence by the green groups. If there is a change in policy and no pressurefrom green groups is noticeable then the reasons should be deduced. Thereasoning behind this change could be used to help the environmental groups. If there has been no change in policy or policy has changed against theenvironment, then the methods used by green groups will not be seen aseffective. The importance of determining this is to give the groups anopportunity to change there methods in order to be more effective. Work ScheduleIt will take about one week to prepare the survey and mailing list. After thisthe results should be back within four to six weeks. While waiting for theresults, the voting record of congressmen will be examined. Also during thisperiod, recent lobbying efforts by environmental groups will be recorded. Itwill then take about two more weeks to compare the data. ReferencesAdams, John H. 1995. Breaking Faith. Amicus Journal. 17, 3: 2. Adams, John H. 1995. Special Report: Congress and the Environment. Amicus Journal. 17, 3: 3. Dodson, A. 1995. The Politics of Nature: Explorations in GreenPolitical Theory. New York, NY: Routledge. Dowie, Mark. 1995. Greens Outgunned. Earth Island Journal. 10, 2: 26. Finger, Matthias. 1992. The Changing Green Movement A Clarification. Researchin Social Movements, Conflicts and Change. 2: 229-246. Foley, Dana Nadel. 1995. A Congressional Sampler: Rollbacks, Rhetoric, andGreenbacks in the World of Washingtons Anti-Greens. Amicus Journal. 17, 3: 13. Hampicke, U. 1994. Ethics and Economics of Conservation. Biology ConservationJournal. 67, 3: 219-231. Henriques, Irene and Perry Sadorsky. 1996. The Determinants of anEnvironmentally Responsive Firm: An Empirical Approach. Journal of EnvironmentalEconomics and Management. 30, 3: 381. Lichterman, Paul. 1995. Piecing Together Multicultural Community: CulturalDifferences in Community Building among Grass-Roots Environmentalists. SocialProblems Journal 42, 4: 513-534. Paehlke, Robert. 1993. Environment/Equity: Tensions in North American Politics. Policy Studies Journal. 21, 4: 672. Thomas, Dietz. 1994. The Value Basis of Environmental Concern. Journal of SocialIssues. 50, 3: 65-84. Wildes, F. T. 1995. Recent Themes in Conservation Philosophy and Policy in theUnited States. Environmental Conservation Journal. 22, 2: 143-150. Survey1) What is your political affiliation?2) Which state do you represent?Please answer the following questions in terms of (1) for strongly agree to (10)for strongly disagree. 3) Should genetic engineering be allowed to increase the production of a farmeven if there is a slight risk to the environment?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 104) Should a nuclear power plant be allowed to be built to meet the local energyneeds of an area?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 105) Should there be mandatory recycling laws even though not all areas have anexisting recycling system?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 106) Should residents be allowed to set thermostat readings to desired levels eventhough it may use more energy?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 107) Should farmers be allowed to protect their livestock by hunting indigenouswild animals?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 108) Should public parks be open to increased mining or logging to spur theeconomy of an area?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 109) Should federal laws outlawing the possession of feathers or other parts ofbirds of prey be strictly enforced?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1010) Should industry be forced to reduce air and water pollution originating fromits factories even if it means loss of employees and reduced job opportunities?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011) Should the use of private automobiles be restricted in order to reduce airpollution?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1012) Should the government increase taxes on products that harm the environment?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10History